Roman numerals or Roman Numbers are a numbering system that originated in ancient Rome. This numbering system uses Latin letters to symbolize numerical numbers. The principal or basic symbols of Roman numbers include:
| I | V | X | L | C | D | M |
| 1 | 5 | 10 | 50 | 100 | 500 | 1000 |
| IV | IX | XL | XC | CD | CM |
| 4 | 9 | 40 | 90 | 400 | 900 |
| V | X | L | C | D | M |
| 5.000 | 10.000 | 50.000 | 100.000 | 500.000 | 1.000.000 |
| IV | IX | XL | XC | CD | CM |
| 4.000 | 9.000 | 40.000 | 90.000 | 400.000 | 900.000 |
- Roman numerals use a system of repetition, addition, subtraction and mixed combination.
- Read the number from left to right.
• Roman numbers are written side by side.
• The maximum number of times a Roman numeral can be repeated is three.
• The main Roman numbers that can be repeated are I, X, C, and M.
• V, L, and D cannot be repeated.
Examples:
I = 1
II = 2
III = 3
X = 10
XX = 20
XXX = 30
C = 100
CC = 200
CCC = 300
M = 1000
MM = 2000
MMM = 3000
The addition rule applies when the base Roman numeral is followed (on its right) by an equal or smaller.
Examples:
III = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
VII = 5 + 1 + 1 = 7
XIII = 10 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 13
XV = 10 + 5 = 15
LVI = 50 + 5 + 1 = 56
LXV = 50 + 10 + 5 = 65
MD = 1000 + 500 = 1500
CX = 100 + 10 = 110
CLXXVIII = 100 + 50 + 10 + 10 + 5 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 178
The Subtraction rule applies when the base Roman numeral is followed (on its right) by a larger number. The principle of subtraction is as follows.
• Each subtraction can only be performed once on the same number.
• V, L, and D CANNOT be used to subtract.
• I can only be used to subtract V and X.
• X can only be used to subtract L and C.
• C can only be used to subtract D and M
Examples:
IV = (-1) + 5 = 4
IX = (-1) + 10 = 9
XL = (-10) + 50 = 40
XC = (-10) + 100 = 90
CD = (-100) + 500 = 400
CM = (-100) + 1000 = 900
Subtractive Rule of Roman Numerals
| Write ✓ | Instead of ✘ | Value of № |
|---|---|---|
| IV | IIII | 4 |
| IX | VIIII | 9 |
| XL | XXXX | 40 |
| XC | LXXXX | 90 |
| CD | CCCC | 400 |
| CM | DCCCC | 900 |
Combination of the Three Rules of Roman Numbers.
Examples:
XLVIII = XL + VIII = 40 + 8 = 48
XLIX = XL + IX = 40 + 9 = 49
XCIX = XC + IX = 90 + 9 = 99
CCCXCVIII = CCC + XC + VIII = 300 + 90 + 8 = 398
MCMXCIX = M + CM + XC + IX = 1000 + 900 + 90 + 9 = 1999
CDL = CD + L = 400 + 50 = 450
MMXLVIII = M + M + XL + VIII = 2048
How to Convert to Roman Numerals?
An easy way to convert numbers is to write the numbers from largest to smallest, from left to right.
- 1000 = M
- 100 = C
- 10 = X
- 1 = I
So 1111 = MCXI
| Thousands | |
|---|---|
| 1000 | M |
| 2000 | MM |
| 3000 | MMM |
| 4000 | I̅V̅ |
| 5000 | V̅ |
| 6000 | V̅M |
| 7000 | V̅MM |
| 8000 | V̅MMM |
| 9000 | I̅X̅ |
| Hundreds | |
|---|---|
| 100 | C |
| 200 | CC |
| 300 | CCC |
| 400 | CD |
| 500 | D |
| 600 | DC |
| 700 | DCC |
| 800 | DCCC |
| 900 | CM |
| Tens | |
|---|---|
| 10 | X |
| 20 | XX |
| 30 | XXX |
| 40 | XL |
| 50 | L |
| 60 | LX |
| 70 | LXX |
| 80 | LXXX |
| 90 | XC |
| Units | |
|---|---|
| 1 | I |
| 2 | II |
| 3 | III |
| 4 | IV |
| 5 | V |
| 6 | VI |
| 7 | VII |
| 8 | VIII |
| 9 | IX |
1. Convert 1992 to Roman numerals.
Solution:
Break 1992 into 1000, 900, 90 and 2.
• 1000 = M
• 900 = CM
• 90 = XC
• 2 = II
so, 1992 = M + CM + XC + II = MCMXCII
2. How to write roman numerals 35?
Solution:
Break 35 into tens and units
35 = 30 + 5
35 = XXX + V
35 = XXXV
3. What is MXXIX in roman numerals?
Solution:
M = 1000
XX = 20
IX = 9
So, MXXIX = 1029
Roman Numerals Chart
To make it easier to write Roman numerals, below we provide a complete chart from 1 to 1,000,000.

Download Printable Numerals Chart (PDF)
Why do we need to learn Roman numerals?